The History of the Discovery of Cinematography Essay Example for Free

The History of the Discovery of Cinematography Essay Not know the exact date of introduction of motion picture films to us. But if according to the first introduction of moving picture presented by the Lumiere brothers in Paris, it happened in December 1895. However, in view of the case have said the film first screened as early as 1917 again, he may be said to be the age of the film is almost a century. Regardless, the film is not to be in a form that we can watch now. It is said to start with the success of a designer of the camera can transmit images to a banner quoted the picture is not moving (still). This led to enhance the capability of this camera can transmit images can be moved. So the term `movie` used comes from the word moving that is moving. Oxford Dictionary of movie termed as cinema or `movie` only. Motion picture had moved, but still dumb (silent pictures). But it was unveiled to the public and make a new form of entertainment that would never have imagined by people at that time. This phenomenon existed before the First World War. In the interim period between World War I and World War II films already available from the West. Should still have more senior citizens remember with nostalgia the film Charlie Chaplin, Laura And Hardy. Required to be disclosed to relive the era of silent movies in Hollywood, recently, released a film titled` silent The Artist and won the Orange Bafta Awards in France by Jean Dujardin plays, able to beat superstars including Brad Pitt and George Clooney. But when the film appeared to speak we have had no feature film of the Middle East to this country, especially Egypt, thus witnessed the emergence of famous actors such as Mohd Abdul Wahab and Umm Kalthum. Mohd Abdul Wahab, for example, known for its melodious song. Egyptian movie featuring the two of them play very well among the Malays at that time because whatever comes from the Arab countries will be respected by them, let alone many young Malays began to have the opportunity to Egypt to study. On the east coast of Peninsular Malaysia, this bear was the spirit of Arab culture and berqasidah melodious. Meaning melodious recitation of the Koran Karim in taranum and performed at weddings and feasts, goes up, especially in rural areas. However, Western films also began to enter the country. Titles such as Cowboy Roy Rogers, Zorro and Tarzan is no stranger at the time. Due to World War two, too many young people 18-35 years old were killed in the West there is a situation that the number of young women far exceed men. But the West was once said to also have high morals and practice puritisme, began little by little changing patterns of social liberalism and culminates in an independent and free sexual practices. This situation affects the pattern of entertainment, including actors in theater and film entertainment. And appeared in a movie star, which emphasized the sex symbols like Marilyn Monroe, Elizabeth Taylor, Gina Lollobrigida and Brigitte Bardott. In the era of the 1950s and 60s, they pushed this film as a sex symbol, either within or outside the film and stage. For Elizabeth Taylor, the highlight of her acting was as Cleopatra with Richard Burton and doubles in the movie titled the same. Marilyn Monroe was performed enthusiastically in the movie Seven-Year Itch. For the heavyweights, including actor Richard Widkmark, Cary Grant, John Wayne and Rock Hudson. Due to the heat of World War II at that time still be felt decades after the 1940s, the film appeared with prolific character of war at that time. Titles such as Battle of Britain, The Longest Day, Battle of the Bulge, All Quiet on the Western Front, A Bridge Too Far, Saving Private Ryan and the Sands of Iwo Jima is considered as a blockbuster until the 21st century. In Malaysia, the film Lieutenant Adnan be a trial highlighting the history of patriotic courage of a fighter at the time of the Second World War where our troops advancing all-out defense of the Japanese in Singapore. If we watch a documentary film called The Rising Sun Over Malaya, which aired on History channel (Astro) on February 15 last, we can see how violently bestial and the Japanese at that time under the command of General Yamashita. Why do we not continue to defend the historical film of water which may whet our patriotism? Government or rich GLCs should be urged to sponsor a film like this. Sekual to World War there was a clash of two ideologies of power that a form of democracy dipenghulukan NATO supported the United States, while communism (Marxism-Leninism) is a right belonging to the Soviet Union. The outcome was what is called the Cold War or the Cold War, which saw two sides gather nuclear arsenal to be directed to the respective blocks. In this era, the activities of spy-spy or intelligence must be essential for both parties. These symptoms are infectious to filmmaking. Arose the James Bond film series (Sean Connery as a film icon intelligence), The Saint (Roger Moore), Man from Uncle, CIA, FBI and MI-5. But because filmmakers belong to a same block in terms of ideology, the end of the film almost all countries in favor of the block thats it. The other party is portrayed as evil and mischief-maker and always lose! Reflecting the strength of America came the films such as The West Wing, Raids on Entebbe and much more for American propaganda. The West Wing for example trying to highlight the strength and greatness of the United States. In addition, the CIA also depicted in the film with his role heading towards Islam. From the Arab / Muslim is also a flavor in many movies and supposedly reflect any crime and violence caused by them. Symptoms of blaming Muslims in the film existed before the events of 11 September 2001 or 9/11. But post 9/11 sparked another aspect of Islamaphobia in the West. Hong Kong film industry and Hindi (Bollywood) is also growing rapidly. Who does not know who popularized the art of Bruce Lee kung fu defense and Bollywood star Amitabh Bachchan, Sri Devi, Ashwariya, Shusmita Shen and Shah Rukh Khan. If before this film is considered a little of the global political landscape, there is also describe the film to stand clash, between a producer and director with the other as portrayed in the film Schindlers List and Passion of Christ. The first is a gain or fishing sympathy of the Jewish world who suffer by the Hitler regime, while another form of attempts to blame the Jews who allegedly due to their greedy cause Jesus Christ was crucified. Jesus on the U.S., according to Islam the Quran he was not crucified. (See Surah An-Nisa verse 157 or 4:157). People say it just like the crucified Jesus the U.S.. The film industry in this country began as early as the 1930s, when the two companies established publishers in Singapore, Shaw Brothers and Cathay Film actor, accompanied by Malays who are still at an amateur level. However, with the guidance of people like L Krishnan, Haji Mahdi and then P Ramlee, the Malay film industry began to grow rapidly and achieve excellence in the early 1960s. The first film made possible to bring the title Laila Majnun followed many other topics which pioneered star acting like Siti Tanjung Perak, D Harris, Haji Mahdi, Neng Yartimah, Kasma Baty, Baking, Mussels Sarawak, S Kadarisman and AR Tompel. Further illuminate the emergence of Michael `natural` Ampas Street Studio film. As the son of artistic versatility, good acting, direction, music and lyrics, Michaels iconic film art and film industry dominate the decade. Not need further described Michael contribution to the glory of Malay films. Suffice it that the words of our great artiste is second to none. This is reflected also in the song arrangement, add to playlist Jeritan Change. Only difference in the past they called `the` movie star or artist, but now the artist. If P Ramlee alive at this age when so advanced production equipment and digital film, would he much greater than Stephen Spielberg. World politics does not influence directly the Malay film genre. However, due to World War II, the Japanese military dictatorship then make the people in this region are poor, helter disorder and incoherent. This was reflected in films like Michael Tow Beca and Lost and Delirious. There is a tendency to focus on compliance with the laws of God will (Semerah Rice) with reference to Law of the Sea of ​​the 15th Century Malacca and the influence of the Middle East (Ali Baba and Ahmad Single Lapok Albab) in culture. Law of the Sea reflects the firmness of Malacca Islamic Shariah. Films like this should be shown over and over again dilayar silver or even the TV as well as aspects of Islamic law it is also acting and artistic treasures of our culture should be an example to new generations. Approach many Malay films, whether published Shaw Brothers or Cathay-Keris until the 1970s can be regarded as a classic film, which comprises mostly Malays good value as role models for todays society. Regardless of whether the issue of Malay films are considered outside the country because it comes from Singapore, which was once in Malaya. Anyway, the exposure to the public that there should be survival. If a lot of old or classic song can only echo frequently on radio and TV, why not the old or classic movies as well as it can be perpetuated cultural heritage to be shown to the present generation? If the world does not affect the political atmosphere Malay film genre what the local political landscape. Dare we publish certain political films, especially in present circumstances, such as political satire film (political Satire) although there are attempts in this direction, but the extent of the `square` only. The reason, perhaps there will be no producer dared to publish it, fear can not be shown in theaters or TV stations afraid to buy it? Sophistication of the tools and techniques of film making should exploit our film industry. The film industry as a source of global economy also shows we are now able to watch movies in 3D and 2D animation. The question is, can we imagine the motion picture by the year 2020? TIDAK diketahui tarikh sebenar filem wayang gambar diperkenalkan kepada kita. Tetapi jika mengikut perkenalan pertama gambar bergerak yang dipersembahkan oleh dua beradik Lumiere di Paris, ia berlaku pada Disember 1895. Akan tetapi memandang kepada hal ada mengatakan filem mula ditapis seawal 1917 lagi, maka boleh dikatakan usia filem sudah hampir satu abad. Apapun, filem bukan terus berada dalam bentuk yang kita dapat tontoni sekarang. Ia dikatakan bermula dengan kejayaan seorang pereka kamera dapat memancarkan gambar dipetiknya kepada kain rentang dengan gambar tidak bergerak (still). Ini mendorongnya mempertingkat keupayaan kameranya sehingga dapat memancarkan gambar boleh bergerak. Jadi istilah `movie` yang digunakan berasal dari perkataan `moving`- yakni bergerak. Kamus Oxford mengistilahkan movie sebagai `cinema` atau `film` saja. Wayang gambar sudah bergerak tetapi masih bisu (silent pictures). Namun ia mula dipamerkan kepada umum dan menjadikannya satu bentuk hiburan baru yang tidak pernah terfikir oleh manusia pada masa itu. Fenomena ini wujud sebelum Perang Dunia Pertama. Pada zaman interim antara Perang Dunia Pertama dan Perang Dunia Kedua sudah ada filem dipasarkan dari Barat. Harus masih ada lagi golongan warga emas ingat dengan penuh nostalgia filem Charlie Chaplin, Laura And Hardy. Perlu dinyatakan untuk mengenang kembali era ‘silent film’ di Hollywood, baru-baru ini, diterbitkan sebuah filem ‘silent` berjudul The Artist dan menang Orange Bafta Awards di Perancis menerusi lakonan Jean Dujardin, mampu mengalahkan bintang handalan termasuk Brad Pitt dan George Clooney. Apabila sudah muncul filem `bersuara` kita dapati sudah ada filem terbitan Timur Tengah ke negara ini terutama Mesir, sekali gus menyaksikan kemunculan pelakon terkenalnya seperti Mohd Abdul Wahab dan Ummi Kalthum. Mohd Abdul Wahab misalnya, terkenal dengan lagunya yang merdu. Wayang gambar Mesir yang memaparkan lakonan mereka berdua amat laris di kalangan orang Melayu pada masa itu kerana apa jua berasal dari negara Arab akan disanjung tinggi oleh mereka, apatah lagi ramai anak muda Melayu mula berpeluang ke Mesir untuk melanjutkan pelajaran. Di Pantai Timur Semenanjung Malaysia, semangat Arab ini membuahkan pula budaya `berlagu` dan berqasidah. Berlagu maknanya membaca al-Quran Karim secara Taranum dan dilakukan pada majlis perkahwinan dan kenduri-kendara, terutama di luar bandar. Pun begitu, filem Barat juga mula masuk ke negara ini. Judul seperti Cowboy Roy Rogers, Zorro dan Tarzan tidak asing lagi pada masa itu. Akibat dua kali berlakunya Perang Dunia, terlalu ramai orang muda berusia 18-35 tahun terkorban sehinggakan di Barat wujud situasi bilangan wanita muda jauh mengatasi lelaki. Maka itu dikatakan Barat yang dulunya juga punya moral tinggi serta mengamal puritisme, mula sedikit demi sedikit berubah corak kepada liberalisme dan memuncak kepada pergaulan bebas serta amalan seks bebas. Keadaan demikian mempengaruhi corak hiburan termasuklah pelakon dalam hiburan melalui teater dan perfileman. Dan muncullah bintang filem yang memberi penekanan kepada simbol seks seperti Marilyn Monroe, Elizabeth Taylor, Brigitte Bardott dan Gina Lollobrigida. Pada era 1950-an dan 60-an, filem melonjakkan mereka ini sebagai simbol seks, baik dalam atau luar filem dan pementasan. Bagi Elizabeth Taylor, kemuncak lakonannya adalah sebagai Cleopatra bergandingan dengan Richard Burton dalam filem bertajuk sama. Marilyn Monroe pula membuat persembahan ghairah dalam filem Seven-Year Itch. Bagi pelakon lelaki handalan termasuklah Richard Widkmark, Cary Grant, John Wayne dan Rock Hudson. Disebabkan bahang Perang Dunia Kedua pada masa itu masih dirasai berdekad selepas tahun 1940-an, maka filem bercorak perang muncul dengan prolifik pada masa itu. Tajuk seperti Battle of Britain, The Longest Day, Battle of the Bulge, All Quiet on the Western Front, A Bridge Too Far, Saving Private Ryan dan Sands of Iwo Jima dianggap sebagai blockbuster hinggalah kurun ke-21. Di Malaysia, filem Leftenan Adnan berupa satu percubaan penonjolan sejarah keberanian seorang pejuang patriotik pada masa Perang Dunia Kedua di mana tentera kita mempertahankan habis-habisan kemaraan tentera Jepun di Singapura. Kalau kita menonton filem dokumentari berjudul The Rising Sun Over Malaya yang ditayangkan di saluran History (Astro) pada 15 Februari lalu, kita dapat lihat betapa bengis dan zalimnya tentera Jepun pada masa itu di bawah pimpinan Jeneral Yamashita. Kenapakah kita tidak meneruskan penerbitan filem sejarah mempertahankan tanah air yang boleh menyemarakkan lagi semangat patriotisme kita? Kerajaan atau syarikat GLC yang kaya raya patut diseru supaya menaja pembikinan filem seperti ini. Sekual kepada Perang Dunia berlaku pula pertembungan dua ideologi kuasa besar yang mana bentuk demokrasi didokong NATO yang dipenghulukan Amerika Syarikat, manakala komunisme (Marxism-Leninism) menjadi hak kepunyaan Soviet Union. Maka terjadilah apa disebut Perang Dingin atau Cold War yang memperlihatkan dua pihak mengumpul ‘arsenal nuclear’ untuk dihalakan terhadap blok masing-masing. Dalam era ini, kegiatan intip-mengintip atau risikan menjadi ramuan wajib bagi kedua-dua pihak. Gejala ini berjangkit pula kepada pembikinan filem. Timbullah siri filem James Bond (Sean Connery sebagai ikon filem risikan), The Saint (Roger Moore), Man from Uncle, CIA, FBI dan MI-5. Tetapi disebabkan pembikin filem tergolong dalam satu blok sama dari segi ideologinya, maka hampir semua penghujung filem itu memihak kepada negara blok itu saja. Pihak yang satu lagi itu digambarkan sebagai jahat serta pengacau dan sentiasa kalah! Sebagai mencerminkan kekuatan Amerika maka terbitlah juga filem seperti The West Wing, Raids on Entebbe dan banyak lagi untuk propaganda Amerika. The West Wing misalnya cuba menonjolkan kekuatan dan kehebatan Amerika Syarikat. Selain itu, CIA turut digambarkan dalam filem dengan peranannya menghala terhadap Islam. Dari itu orang Arab/Islam turut menjadi `perencah` dalam banyak filem dan mencerminkan kononnya apa juga kejahatan serta keganasan berpunca daripada mereka ini. Gejala menyalahkan orang Islam dalam filem wujud sebelum peristiwa 11 September 2001 atau 9/11. Tetapi pasca 9/11 menyemarakkan lagi aspek Islamaphobia di Barat. industri perfileman Hong Kong dan Hindi (Bollywood ) juga berkembang pesat. Siapa tidak kenal Bruce Lee yang mempopularkan seni pertahanan kungfu dan bintang Bollywood Amitabh Bachchan, Seri Devi, Ashwariya, Shusmita Shen dan Shah Rukh Khan. Jika sebelum ini filem dianggap mencerminkan sedikit sebanyak landskap politik global, ada juga menggambarkan filem untuk `pertembungan pendirian`, iaitu antara seorang penerbit dan pengarah dengan yang lain seperti ditonjolkan dalam filem Schindlers` List dan Passion of Christ . Yang pertama itu sebagai meraih atau memancing simpati dunia terhadap kaum Yahudi yang terseksa oleh rejim Hitler, manakala satu lagi berupa percubaan menyalahkan kaum Yahudi yang dikatakan akibat angkara merekalah menyebabkan Jesus Christ `disalibkan`. Mengenai Nabi Isa AS, Islam berpandukan al-Quran menyatakan baginda tidak disalibkan. (Rujuk Surah An-Nisa ayat 157 atau 4:157 ). Orang dikatakan disalibkan itu sekadar menyerupai Nabi Isa AS. Industri perfileman di negara ini bermula seawal 1930-an apabila dua syarikat penerbit ditubuhkan di Singapura, Shaw Brothers dan Cathay Film dengan disertai pelakon Melayu yang masih di peringkat amatur. Namun, dengan bimbingan orang seperti L Krishnan, Haji Mahadi dan kemudian P Ramlee, industri perfileman Tanah Melayu mula berkembang pesat dan mencapai tahap kegemilangan pada dekad 1960-an. Filem pertama dijayakan membawa tajuk Laila Majnun diikuti banyak lagi tajuk yang mana lakonannya dipelopori bintang seperti Siti Tanjung Perak, D Harris, Haji Mahadi, Neng Yartimah, Kasma Booty, Junaidah, Siput Sarawak, S Kadarisman dan AR Tompel. Kemunculan P Ramlee menyinari lagi `alam` filem di Studio Jalan Ampas. Sebagai anak seni serba boleh, baik lakonan, arahan, muzik dan lirik, P Ramlee menjadi ikon seni perfileman dan mendominasi industri filem dalam dekad itu. Tidak perlulah dihurai lanjut sumbangan P Ramlee ke arah kegemilangan filem Melayu. Memadailah kata-kata bahawa Seniman Agung kita ini memang tiada tandingannya. Ini dibayangkan juga dalam lagu gubahannya, Di Manakan Kucari Ganti. Cuma bezanya pada masa dulu mereka disebut `bintang filem` atau seniman tetapi sekarang artis. Kalaulah P Ramlee hidup pada zaman ini ketika peralatan penerbitan filem begitu canggih dan digital, nescaya beliau lebih hebat lagi daripada Stephen Spielberg. Politik dunia tidak mempengaruhi genre filem Melayu secara langsung. Akan tetapi akibat Perang Dunia Kedua, kemudian pemerintahan tentera Jepun membuatkan masyarakat di rantau ini miskin, porak peranda dan tidak keruan. Ini dicerminkan dalam filem P Ramlee seperti Penarik Beca dan Ibu Mertuaku. Ada kecenderungan untuk memfokus kepada kepatuhan akan hukum-hukum Allah (Semerah Padi) dengan merujuk Undang-Undang Laut Melaka Abad ke-15 dan pengaruh Timor Tengah (Ali Baba Bujang Lapok dan Ahmad Albab) dari segi budaya. Undang-undang Laut Melaka mencerminkan ketegasan Syariah Islam. Filem seperti ini patut ditayangkan berulang kali dilayar perak mahu pun di TV kerana selain aspek perundangan Islam ia juga khazanah seni lakonan dan budaya kita yang patut menjadi contoh kepada generasi baru. Pendekatan banyak filem Melayu, sama ada diterbitkan Shaw Brothers ataupun Cathay-Keris sehingga tahun 1970-an boleh dianggap sebagai filem klasik Melayu yang kebanyakannya mengandungi nilai baik untuk dijadikan teladan masyarakat kini. Tak kiralah sama ada filem Melayu ini dianggap terbitan luar negara kerana ia berasal dari Singapura yang dulunya dalam Tanah Melayu. Pokoknya, pendedahan kepada umum patut ada kesinambungannya. Kalau banyak lagu lama atau klasik sering saja boleh berkumandang di radio dan TV, mengapa tidak filem lama atau klasik juga memang boleh diabadikan sebagai warisan seni budaya untuk ditunjukkan kepada generasi sekarang? Kalau suasana politik dunia tidak mempengaruhi genre filem Melayu bagaimana pula suasana politik tempatan. Beranikah kita menerbitkan filem berbaur politik terutama dalam keadaan sekarang, misalnya filem sindiran politik (political satire) walaupun sudah ada percubaan ke arah ini, tetapi itu setakat `siku-siku`saja. Sebabnya, mungkin tak akan ada produser berani menerbitkannya, bimbang tidak boleh ditayangkan di pawagam atau stesen TV takut hendak membelinya? Kecanggihan peralatan dan teknik mengenai pembikinan filem wajar dieksploitasikan industri filem kita. Industri perfileman selaku sumber ekonomi secara global juga memperlihatkan kita kini sudah boleh menonton filem dalam bentuk animasi 3D dan 2D. Soalnya, bolehkah kita bayangkan bentuk wayang gambar menjelang tahun 2020 nanti?

Arguments for the Existence for God Essay -- Argumentative Religion Pe

1. The Cosmological Argument for the existence of God is based on the principle of cause and effect. What this basically means is that the universe was the effect of a cause, which was God. One of the oldest and most well known advocates of the Cosmological Argument was Thomas Aquinas who outlines his argument for the existence of God in his article entitled The Five Ways. The first way in his argument is deals with motion. Aquinas says that in order for something to be in motion something had to move it because it is impossible for something to move without the presence of some sort of outside force upon it. Therefore the world around us, nature, and our very existence could not have been put into motion without the influence of the â€Å"unmoved mover†, as it is called in the book, who we know to be God. Aquinas’ second way to prove that God exists is by stating that nothing can be the cause of itself. For example, I am not the cause of myself. I would not be in existence today if it were not for my parents having a baby and naming it Chris. This is true for everything around us: trees, buildings, cars, planes, etc, none of these can be the cause of themselves. They all must be created or manufactured from seeds, humans, and machines in order for them to exist as they do today. The next way comes from possibility and necessity. First is possibility which means that it is possible for everything in the world to at some point in time not exist, thus meaning that there was a time when nothing existed and since something cannot come from nothing it is necessary for something to have always existed. However as Aquinas previously stated this necessary being cannot be the cause of itself plus there cannot be a time at which it did not exist therefore this being must have always existed and be God. In his fourth way Aquinas bases the existence of God on the gradation of things such as things being the greatest or the smallest, the hottest or the coldest. Aquinas says that there must be a cause of this and it is God. The last way that Aquinas proves God comes from the governance of the world. Aquinas says that things in the world lack knowledge and yet they still work their way towards an end, but he says that it is impossible for something to lack knowledge and work its way to an end. Due to this fact Aquinas determines that there must be some intelli... ...that logic to explain God to him he would laugh in his face. Although these arguments may prove their point in a construed way there are some who believe the Ontological Argument to be impossible, one of these being Kant. Kant believes that the argument fails right off the bat by basing everything on the idea that God does exist. Kant believes that it is wrong to assume that God has all of these magnificent characteristics that Anselm believes Him to have. Kant questions how Anselm proves this. My view of these arguments and the Ontological argument as a whole is that it is a weak argument. If I had to choose sides between Anselm or Gaunilo and Kant I think I would choose Gaunilo and Kant because they do a better job of arguing their point. If I were questioning the existence of God and had Anselm’s argument to read and then Kant’s to read I would probably end up ton believing that God existed. One reason being that you cannot understand Anselm’s argument and two he does not prove anything but the fact that God is a supreme being than which no greater can be conceived. It is because of this why I believe the Ontological argument to be a bad way to prove God to anyone.

Process Strategy and Analysis: Toyota Motors Case study Essay

Toyota Motor Corporation, Japan’s largest and the world’s #4 carmaker by 2003 sales (after General Motors, Ford, and Daimler Chrysler), had a wide range of products and strong brand names with high quality image. Toyota’s growing reputation for quality and very small numbers of technical problems in its vehicles generated interesting customer loyalty and a growing demand for its products. Toyota management was managing the company’s inventory, costs and capacity very successfully and was applying cost reduction programs very well. Toyota had riving ambition to become greener. The company made a hybrid-powered (gas and electric) sedan- the prius- that had already being snapped up in U.S. and European markets. Toyota also made huge investments in developing fuel-cell technology for its vehicles. Its gas-powered cars, pick-ups, minivans, and SUVs included such models as the Camry, Celica, Corolla, 4Runner, Echo, Land Cruiser, Sienna, the luxury Lexus line, and a full-sized pick-up truck, the v-8 Tundra. Toyota also was making forklifts and manufactured housing, and was offering consumer financial services. With its wide distribution channels, strong channel efficiency and effectiveness, Toyota was both successfully competing with the world’s upper three auto makers and poised to replace GM in the top spot this decade. Toyota was known world-wide for its up-to-date vehicles, strong vehicle design, comfortableness, safety, strong resistance to wind and rollover, low fuel consumption, presence of electronic and other devices in the vehicles, and strong reputation for luxury. Surveys, however, rated the attractiveness and comfort of its passenger cars as mediocre. Also rated mediocre was the off-road excellence of its SUVs. Toyota was a leader in technological improvements, such as drive, production and vehicle construction technology and had a solid ability to design and innovates new products, to differentiate its products, to innovate new vehicle lines, or to extend existing vehicle lines. Global sales of Toyota vehicles were increasing every year beginning in 2001. Toyota showed a growth of 20% in its sales from March 2002 to March 2003 and growth of 49.6% in its net income for the same period. This increase reflected not only the quality of its vehicles, but also Toyota’s strong efficiency in sale operations, applying one-to-one marketing, entering into partnership and joint ventures with other companies world-wide, being price competitive, strongly applying sales incentives such as warranty extensions, and applying advertisement tools such as TV commercials, ads in magazines and newspapers and exhibition presentations. Toyota needed little use of financing packages and radio commercials in its sale incentive programs. Also, Toyota was known for strong after-sale services that helped the company to strengthen relationships with its customers and quality of service provided to them. Toyota had a strong, unique corporate culture that helped the company remain very well organised and highly competitive. Toyota also had strong co-operation with its partners and among its divisions that allowed Toyota to further co-ordinate interdivisional operations. In comparison to its big three competitors, Toyota had strong manufacturing operations with the ability to produce highly innovative products, taking advantage of low cost structures, ability to open new manufacturing plants, benefiting from economies of scale. Transplant assembling. Availability of technology for its production, and availability and standards of sources, the ability to enter new markets, and the like, Also, Toyota had strongly balanced its activities both domestically and internationally. There are five basis ways in approve: (1) reduce resources, (2) reduce errors, (3) meet or exceed expectations of downstream customers, (4) make the process safer, and (5) make the process more satisfying to the person doing it. First, a process that uses more resources than necessary is wasteful. Reports that are distributed to more people than necessary wastes copying and distribution time, material, user read time, and, eventually, life space. Second, for the most part, errors are a sign of poor workmanship and require rework. Typing errors that are detected after the computer printout require opening the file, making the correction, and printing the revised document. Third, meeting or exceeding expectations of downstream customers improves the process. For example, the better the weld, the less grinding required, making the appearance of a finish paint more The fourth way a process can be improved is by making it safer. A safer workplace is a more productive one with fewer lost-time accidents and less workers compensation claims. The fifth way to improve process is to increase the satisfaction of the individual performing the process. Sometimes a little change, such as an ergonomically Make a substantial change in a person’s attitude toward their work. Manufacturing cycle The manufacturing cycle typically occurs at the distributor/manufacturer for retailer/ manufacturer) interface and includes all processes involved in replenishing distributor (or retailer) inventory. The manufacturing cycle is triggered by customer orders or by the forecast of customer demand and current product availability in the manufacturer’s finished-goods warehouse. One extreme in a manufacturing cycle is an integrated steel mill that collects orders that is similar enough to enable the manufacturer to produce in large quantities. In this case, the manufacturing cycle is reacting to customer demand (referred to as a pull process). Another extreme is a consumer products firm that must produce in anticipation of demand. In this case the manufacturing cycle is anticipating customer demand (referred to as a push process). The processes involved in the manufacturing cycle Order arrival from the finished-goods warehouse, distributor, retailer, or customer Production scheduling Manufacturing and shipping Receiving at the distributor, retailer, or customer Order arrival During this process a finished- goods warehouse or distributor sets a replenishment order trigger based on the forecast of future demand and current product inventories. The resulting orders are then conveyed to the manufacturer. In some cases the customer or retailer may be ordering directly from the manufacturer. In other cases a manufacturer may be producing to stock a finished products warehouse. In the latter situation, the order is triggered based on product availability and a forecast of future demand. This process is similar to the retail order trigger process in the replenishment cycle. Production scheduling This process is similar to the order entry process in the replenishment cycle where inventory is allocated to an order. During the production scheduling process, orders (or forecasted orders) are allocated to a production plan. Given the desired production quantities for each product, the manufacturer must decide on the precise production sequence. If there are multiple lines, the manufacturer must also decide which products to allocate to each line. The objective of the production scheduling process is to maximise the proportion of orders filled on time while keeping costs down. Manufacturing and Shipping This process is equivalent to the order fulfilment process described in the replenishment cycle. During the manufacturing phase of the process, the manufacturer produces to the production schedule. During the shipping phase of this process, the product is shipped to the customer, retailer, distributor, or finished-product warehouse. The objective of the manufacturing and shipping process is to create and ship the product by the promised due date while meeting quality requirements and keeping costs down. Distribution Toyota used the traditional distribution channels; vehicles from the production places were distributed to national or regional distribution, which then distributed the vehicles to the local dealers. The three units of Toyota that produced passenger cars, SUVs, light trucks, and mini vans. Toyota was also entering into partnerships with other carmakers world-wide, such as South Korean Hyundai and Chinese carmakers, and used their distribution channels to enter the markets where these partners were predominant. With these activities, Toyota was trying to balance its distribution channels world-wide and to increase the efficiency and effectiveness of their distribution channels. Manufacturing Toyota had manufacturing facilities in 37 countries and sold its products in 200 countries around the world. As the situation deteriorated in 2003, manufacturers were increasingly experiencing inventory problems as they were unable to shift their growing stockpile of cars into the saturated fleet market. With the increasing costs of product storage and reduced retail revenues, coupled with relaxed consumer demand, production cuts was likely to occur in the company. Also, Toyota was looking for ways to open production places in regions like China and Mexico, in order to benefit from cheap labour force and gain competitive advantage. In this process the product is received at the distributor, finished-goods warehouse, retailer, or customer and inventory records are updated. Other processes related to storage and fund transfers also take place. Few companies in the world excel at continuous improvement on a corporate-wide basis like Toyota Motor Corporation. Toyota is perhaps best known for its highly effective production system, dubbed â€Å"lean manufacturing† by an MIT study in the 1980’s (Womack et. Al, 1990). But interestingly, history’s most efficient method of production was not born from a sudden brainstorm by an ingenious individual (although Toyota has had plenty of those over the years). Rather, it evolved into its present state over decades of sustained, high level of continuous improvement activity (Cusumano, 1985). Toyota’s efficiency extends not only to the production floor, but also to product development, prototyping, testing, and all other business operations. Manufacturers the world over have been emulating Toyota’s practices, and have done so with much success (Liker, 1998). However, unlike Toyota, much of the success has been confined to the production floor and little success elsewhere. Toyota’s product development system, the first author found this tool to be used pervasively and with incredible power and effectiveness (Sobek, 1997). Toyota uses it to systematically guide problem-solvers through a rigorous process, document the key outcomes of that process, and propose improvements. The tool is used so pervasively that it forms a keystone in Toyota’s world-famous continuous improvement program. Toyota calls this tool the A3 report. The A3 Problem-Solving Report The A3 report is so named because it is written on an A3 sized paper (metric equivalent of 11† x 17†). Toyota has developed several kinds of A3 reports for different applications. Every report starts with a â€Å"theme† or title. The theme indicates the problem being addressed, and is fairly descriptive. The theme should focus on the problem, and not advocate a particular solution Theme: Every report starts with a â€Å"theme† or title. The theme indicates the problem being addressed, and is fairly descriptive. The theme should focus on the problem, and not advocate a particular solution As Spear and Bowen (1999) elucidate, Toyota indoctrinates its people with its own version of the scientific method—every improvement is designed as an experiment. The A3 problem-solving process is a structure to implement the scientific method. The current condition and root cause constitutes the necessary background research, the target condition and implementation plan outline the experimental design and the follow-up plan states the hypothesis. TQM is based on a number of ideas. It means thinking about quality in terms of all functions of the enterprise and is a start is a start-to-finish process that integrates interrelated functions at all levels. It is a systems approach that considers every interaction between the various elements of the organisation. Thus, the overall effectiveness of the system is higher than the sum of the individual outputs from the subsystems. The subsystems include all the organisational functions in the life cycle of a product, such as (!) design, (2) planning, (3) production, (4) distribution, and (5) field service. The management subsystems also require integration, including (1) strategy with a customer focus, (2) the tools of quality and (3) employee involvement (the linking process that integrates the whole). A corollary is that any product, process, or service can be improved, and a successful organisation is one that consciously seeks and exploits opportunities for improvement at all levels. The load-bearing structure is customer satisfaction. The watchword is continuous improvement. (Ross, 2) Hence TQM requires six basic concepts: A committed and involved management to provide long-term top-to bottom organisational support. An unwavering focus on the customer, both internally and externally. Effective involvement and utilisation of the entire work force. Continuous improvement of the business and production process. Treating suppliers as partners. Establish performance measures for the processes. (Besterfield, Michna, Besterfied & Sacre, p.2) (Crosby, 1979) presented the following steps in order to undertake TQM effectively. Management Commitment: Top management must become convinced of the need for quality and must clearly communicate this to the entire company be written policy, starting that each person is expected to perform according to the requirement or cause the requirement to be officially changed to what the company and the customers really need. Quality improvement team: From a team composed of department heads to oversee improvements in their departments and in the company as a whole. Quality measurement: Establish measurements appropriate to every activity in order to identify areas in need of improvement. Cost of quality: Estimate the costs of quality in order to identify areas where improvements would be profitable. Quality awareness: Raise quality awareness among employees. They non-conformance. Corrective action: Take corrective action as a result of steps 3 and 4. Zero defects planning: From a committee to plan a program appropriate to the company and its culture. Supervisor training: All levels of management must be trained in how to implement their part of the quality improvement program. Zero defects day: Schedule a day to signal to employees that the company has a new standard. Goal setting: Individuals must establish improvement goals for themselves and their groups. Error causes removal: Employees should be encouraged to inform management of any problems that prevent them from performing error free work. Recognition: Give public, non-financial appreciation to those who meet their quality goals or perform outstandingly. Quality councils: Composed of quality professionals and team chairpersons, quality councils should meet regularly to share experiences, problems, and ideas. Does it all over again: Repeat steps 1 to 13 in order to emphasise the never-ending process of quality improvement. (Ross, p. 6-7) Management must participate in the quality program. A quality council must be established to develop a clear vision, set long-term goals, and direct the program. Quality goals are included in the business plan. An annual quality improvement program is established and involves input from the entire work force. Managers participate on quality improvement teams and also act as coaches to other teams. TQM is a continual activity that must be entrenched in the culture- it is not just a one-shot program. TQM must be communicated to all people. The key to an effective TQM program is its focus on the customer. An excellent place to start is by satisfying internal customers. We must listen to the voice of the customer and emphasise design quality and defect prevention. Do it right the first time and every time, for customer satisfaction is the most important consideration. TQM is an organisation-wide challenge that is everyone’s responsibility. All personnel must be trained in TQM, statistical process control (SPC), and other appropriate quality improvement skills so they can effectively participate on project teams. Including internal customers and, for that matter, internal suppliers on project teams are an excellent approach. They understand the process better than anyone else does. Changing behaviour is the goal. People must come to work not only to do their jobs, but also to think about how to improve their jobs. People must be empowered at the lowest possible level to perform processes in an optimum manner. There must be a continued effort to improve all business and production processes. Quality improvement projects, such as on-time delivery, order entry efficiency, billing error rate, customer satisfaction, cycle time, scrap reduction, and supplier management, are good places to begin technical techniques such as SPC, benchmarking, quality function deployment, and designed experiments are excellent for problem solving. On the average 40% of pounds is purchased product or service; therefore, the supplier quality must-be outstanding. A partnering relationship rather than an adversarial one must be developed. Both parties have as much to gain or lose based on the success or failure of the product or service. The focus should be on quality and life-cycle costs rather than price. Suppliers should be few in numbers so that true partnering can occur. Performance measures such as uptime, percent non-conforming, absenteeism, and customer satisfaction should be determined for each functional area. These measures should be posted for everyone to see. Quantitative data are necessary to measure the continuous quality improvement activity. (Besterfield, Michna, Besterfied & Sacre, p.3) The purpose of TQM is to provide a quality product and/or service to customers, which will, in turn, increase productivity and lower cost. With a higher quality product and lower price, competitive position in the marketplace will be enhanced. This series of events will allow the organisation to achieve the objectives of profit and growth with greater case. In addition, the work force will have job security, which will create a satisfying place to work. As previously stated. TQM requires a cultural change. The change is substantial and will not be accomplished in a short period of time. Small organisations will be able to make the transformation much faster than large organisations. (Besterfield, Michna, Besterfied & Sacre, p.3) Hence summarising the key points discussed above, productivity is a major concern of managers. It implies measurement, an essential step in the control process. The productivity measurement of skill workers is generally easier than that of knowledge workers such as managers. Yet managerial productivity is very important, especially for organisations operating in a competitive environment. Production management refers to those activities necessary to manufacture products; it may also include purchasing, warehousing, transportation, and other operations. Operations management has a similar meaning, referring to activities necessary to produce and deliver a service as well as a physical product. The operations management systems model show inputs, the transformation process, outputs, and the feedback system. A variety of tools and techniques make operations more productive. Seven steps are often involved in planning and designing a product and its production. Companies can choose from six different kinds of production layouts. In order to operate the system, the managerial functions of organising, staffing, and leading must be carried out effectively. Controlling requires an information system often supported by computers. (Koontz and Weihrich, 1994; p.653) Among the various tools for planning and controlling operations is operations research, which is the application of scientific methods to the study of alternatives in a problem situation to obtain a quantitative basis for arriving at the best solution. The operation research procedure consists of six steps. Examples of tools are linear programming, inventory planning and control, the just-in time inventory system, and distribution logistics. Other tools and techniques are time-event inventory system, engineering, work simplification, quality circles, total quality management, and a variety of computer-aided approaches. (Koontz and Weihrich, 1994; p.653) References Besterfield, D. H., Michna, C. B., Besterfied, G., H.,   & Sacre, B.   S., (no date available). Total Quality Management, Third Edition, pp. 1-3. Crosby, P., (1979). Quality is Free, New York: McGraw-Hill, 1979. Cusumano, M.A., 1985, The Japanese Automobile Industry: Technology and Management at Nissan and Toyota, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA. Koontz, H., and Weihrich, H., (1994). Management: A Global Perspective, Tenth Edition, McGraw-Hill, International Editions, pp.633-653 Ross, J. E., (no date available). Total Quality Management: Text, Cases and Readings, Second Edition, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida, pp. 1-3   Liker, J.K. (ed.), 1998, Becoming Lean: Inside Stories of U.S. Manufacturers, Productivity Press, Portland, OR. Sobek, II, D.K., 1997, Principles that Shape Product Development Systems: A Toyota-Chrysler Comparison, Ph.D. dissertation, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Spear, S. and H.K. Bowen, 1999, â€Å"Decoding the DNA of the Toyota Production System,† Harvard Business Review, Sept.-Oct., 77(5), 97-106. Womack, J., D.T. Jones, and D. Roos, 1990, The Machine that Changed the World: The Story of Lean Production, HarperPerennial, New York.   

Dealing With Cats And Computers - 2407 Words

I have had joy and stress with dealing with cats and computers. I work in a rescue and for the most part, only a small portion of our cats care to entertain themselves with the computer and me whilst I am using it. Those that do, it seems, only venture after the mouse. Okay, there has to be a reason for that name so all righty then, I deal with it. However, we have started intaking some cats that have taken to playing with me by walking up and down the key board- some words even spell check could not figure out. But all this was well and fine as it would only be for short bursts of time. As long as I give equal attention to the felines as well as the computer, a happy medium exists and work can continue. However, some of them (one in particular) have begun to sit atop the monitor and bless Merlin s heart- he s not graceful. Down he falls onto the keyboard and oh- what was I writing? Where did it go? A computer is not graced with the programming to adjust for cat flight or drop. 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